Animal Farm. Folwark zwierzęcy w wersji do nauki angielskiego - ebook

W wersji do nauki angielskiego dotychczas ukazały się:

A Christmas Carol

Opowieść wigilijna

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

Alicja w Krainie Czarów

Anne of Green Gables

Ania z Zielonego Wzgórza

Anne of Avonlea

Ania z Avonlea

Christmas Stories

Opowiadania świąteczne

Fairy Tales by Hans Christian Andersen

Baśnie Hansa Christiana Andersena

Fanny Hill. Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure

Wspomnienia kurtyzany

Little Women

Małe kobietki

Frankenstein

Frankenstein

Peter and Wendy

Piotruś Pan

Pride and Prejudice

Duma i uprzedzenie

Sense and Sensibility

Rozważna i romantyczna

Short Stories by Edgar Allan Poe

Opowiadania Allana Edgara Poe

Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Collection

Opowiadania autora Wielkiego Gatsby’ego

Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Doktor Jekyll i pan Hyde

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Part 1

Przygody Sherlocka Holmesa

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Part 2

Przygody Sherlocka Holmesa. Ciąg dalszy

The Age of Innocence

Wiek niewinności

The Blue Castle

Błękitny Zamek

The Great Gatsby

Wielki Gatsby

The Hound of the Baskervilles

Pies Baskerville’ów

The Picture of Dorian Gray

Portret Doriana Graya

The Secret Garden

Tajemniczy ogród

The Time Machine

Wehikuł czasu

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

Czarnoksiężnik z Krainy Oz

Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog)

Trzech panów w łódce (nie licząc psa)Wstęp

Ile znacie rzeczy, które można zrobić za pomocą języka? To źle postawione pytanie. Teraz zadamy je lepiej: ile znacie rzeczy, jakie można zrobić, źle używając języka? Znowu źle. Spróbujmy jaśniej i prościej. Jak użyć języka, żeby zrobić coś złego i to na długo? I to z wieloma zwierzętami, np. takimi jak my? Powiemy wam. Stopniowo. Nie wszystko naraz. Zło, żeby było prawdziwym złem, trzeba robić krok po kroku. Za pomocą języka. Skutecznie. Nie potrzeba policji ani wojska. Natomiast język jest niezbędny.

Na szczęście, język, coś, co nami włada, pozwala również władać sobą. Za jego pomocą można zrobić całkiem dużo dobrych rzeczy. Oczywiście, o ile jest się dobrym zwierzęciem.

George Orwell, a właściwie Eric Arthur Blair, przyszedł na świat 25 czerwca 1903 roku w indyjskim mieście Bengal. „Folwark zwierzęcy”, gorzka satyra na radziecki eksperyment społeczny, został po raz pierwszy wydany w 1945 roku. Obok „Roku 1984” książka stała się najpopularniejszym dziełem pisarza. Wartka fabuła angażuje uwagę czytalnika, a przekonujące postaci bohaterów budzą rozmaite emocje. Lekturze – szczególnie w wersji oryginalnej – sprzyja prosty i bezpretensjonalny język powieści. Zaś jej tematyka… no cóż, niestety, wciąż pozostaje niezwykle aktualna.

Opracowany przez nas podręcznik oparty na oryginalnym tekście powieści został skonstruowany według przejrzystego schematu.

- Na marginesach tekstu podano objaśnienia trudniejszych wyrazów.
- Każdy rozdział jest zakończony krótkim testem sprawdzającym stopień rozumienia tekstu.
- Zawarty po każdym rozdziale dział O słowach jest poświęcony poszerzeniu słownictwa z danej dziedziny, synonimom, łącznikom i spójnikom, phrasal verbs, słowotwórstwu oraz wyrażeniom idiomatycznym.
- W dziale poświęconym gramatyce omówiono wybrane zagadnienia gramatyczne, ilustrowane fragmentami poszczególnych części powieści.
- Dla dociekliwych został również opracowany komentarz do wybranych zagadnień związanych z kulturą i historią.

Różnorodne ćwiczenia pozwolą Czytelnikowi powtórzyć i sprawdzić omówione w podręczniku zagadnienia leksykalne i gramatyczne. Alfabetyczny wykaz wyrazów objaśnianych na marginesie tekstu znajduje się w słowniczku. Odpowiedzi do wszystkich zadań zamkniętych są podane w kluczu na końcu książki. W kluczu znajdują się również przykładowe rozwiązania niektórych ćwiczeń, na które nie ma jednej poprawnej odpowiedzi. Są to ćwiczenia, które pomogą zwrócić uwagę Czytelnika przede wszystkim na to, jak się uczyć – jak tworzyć listy nowych wyrazów, jak je systematyzować i powtarzać.

A zatem: choć lektura „Folwarku zwierzęcego” nie należy do wesołych, życzymy ciekawej i pouczającej lektury!Chapter 1

Słownictwo

Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard, kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring.

As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour’s sleep in order to hear what he had to say.

At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from a beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. First came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher, and then the pigs, who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window-sills, the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters, the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal. Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel, the white goat, and Benjamin, the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark – for instance, he would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer; the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking.

The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings, which had lost their mother, filed into the barn, cheeping feebly and wandering from side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg, and the ducklings nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones’s trap, came mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the front and began flirting her white mane, hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat, who looked round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major’s speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.

All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat and began:

“Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you.

“Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.

“But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is fertile, its climate is good, it is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of sheep – and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word – Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.

“Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me, how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old – you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?

“And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones. I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end. You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all must come – cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and drowns them in the nearest pond.

“Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.

“And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interests of no creature except himself. And among us animals let there be perfect unity, perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are comrades.”

At this moment there was a tremendous uproar. While Major was speaking four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their hindquarters, listening to him. The dogs had suddenly caught sight of them, and it was only by a swift dash for their holes that the rats saved their lives. Major raised his trotter for silence.

“Comrades,” he said, “here is a point that must be settled. The wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits – are they our friends or our enemies? Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are rats comrades?”

The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides. Major continued:

“I have little more to say. I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal.

“And now, comrades, I will tell you about my dream of last night. I cannot describe that dream to you. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when Man has vanished. But it reminded me of something that I had long forgotten. Many years ago, when I was a little pig, my mother and the other sows used to sing an old song of which they knew only the tune and the first three words. I had known that tune in my infancy, but it had long since passed out of my mind. Last night, however, it came back to me in my dream. And what is more, the words of the song also came back-words, I am certain, which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been lost to memory for generations. I will sing you that song now, comrades. I am old and my voice is hoarse, but when I have taught you the tune, you can sing it better for yourselves. It is called ‘Beasts of England’.”

Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. As he had said, his voice was hoarse, but he sang well enough, and it was a stirring tune, something between ‘Clementine’ and ‘La Cucaracha’. The words ran:

Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,

Beasts of every land and clime,

Hearken to my joyful tidings

Of the golden future time.

Soon or late the day is coming,

Tyrant Man shall be o’erthrown,

And the fruitful fields of England

Shall be trod by beasts alone.

Rings shall vanish from our noses,

And the harness from our back,

Bit and spur shall rust forever,

Cruel whips no more shall crack.

Riches more than mind can picture,

Wheat and barley, oats and hay,

Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels

Shall be ours upon that day.

Bright will shine the fields of England,

Purer shall its waters be,

Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes

On the day that sets us free.

For that day we all must labour,

Though we die before it break;

Cows and horses, geese and turkeys,

All must toil for freedom’s sake.

Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,

Beasts of every land and clime,

Hearken well and spread my tidings

Of the golden future time.

The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement. Almost before Major had reached the end, they had begun singing it for themselves. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words, and as for the clever ones, such as the pigs and dogs, they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. And then, after a few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into ‘Beasts of England’ in tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted.

Unfortunately, the uproar awoke Mr. Jones, who sprang out of bed, making sure that there was a fox in the yard. He seized the gun which always stood in a corner of his bedroom, and let fly a charge of number 6 shot into the darkness. The pellets buried themselves in the wall of the barn and the meeting broke up hurriedly. Everyone fled to his own sleeping-place. The birds jumped on to their perches, the animals settled down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment.Klucz

Rozumienie tekstu

Chapter 1

<<< Powrót

1. Jones

2. Moses

3. Major

4. Boxer

5. Benjamin

6. Mollie

Ćwiczenia

Chapter 1

<<< Powrót

Ćwiczenie 1

1. E

2. D

3. A

4. B

5. J

6. I

7. C

8. H

9. G

10. F

Ćwiczenie 2

a) a three months’ holiday

b) an hour’s rehearsal

c) a two hours’ delay

d) a fifteen minutes’/a quarter’s sleep/nap

e) a five minutes’ break

Ćwiczenie 3

Przykładowa odpowiedź: OSTRICH: chirp, bark, hiss, hummanor: folwark, majątek ziemski

pop-hole: mały otwór służący za przejście dla zwierząt

lurch: iść chwiejnym krokiem

barrel: beczka

scullery: komórka przy kuchni

stirring: poruszenie, podniecenie

fluttering: trzepot, trzepotanie

word: wieści

Middle White: nazwa rasy świń

boar: knur

previous: poprzedni

regarded: szanowany, poważany

platform: podium, mównica

ensconced: usadowiony

straw: słoma

beam: belka

stout: tęgi, korpulentny

majestic-looking: o majestatycznym wyglądzie

benevolent: łaskawy, życzliwy

tush: kieł

perch: przycupnąć, usadowić się

flutter: trzepotać skrzydłami, pofrunąć

rafter: krokiew

chew the cud: przeżuwać

cart-horse: koń pociągowy

lest: na wypadek gdyby

concealed: ukryty

mare: klacz

foal: źrebię

hand: dłoń = około 10 cm

first-rate: pierwszorzędny

universally: powszechnie

steadiness: stabilność

remark: uwaga

admit: przyznać

devoted to: przywiązany do

paddock: padok, wybieg dla koni

orchard: sad

graze: paść się

brood: lęg, stado

file into: wejść jedno za drugim

cheep: piszczeć

feebly: słabo

tread (trod; trodden): deptać

foreleg: przednia noga

nestle down: umościć się

promptly: szybko

trap: powóz

mince: drobić nogami, dreptać

daintily: delikatnie

lump of sugar: kostka cukru

flirt: machać

mane: grzywa

draw (drew; drawn) attention: przyciągać uwagę

plaited: zapleciony, opleciony

squeeze oneself: wcisnąć się

purr: mruczeć

contentedly: z zadowoleniem

tame: oswojony

raven: kruk

perch: grzęda

attentively: uważnie

clear one’s throat: odchrząknąć

comrade: towarzysz

acquire: zyskać, zdobyć

stall: przegroda w oborze

laborious: mozolny, pracowity

capable of sth: zdolny do czegoś

atom: atom; odrobina

instant: chwila, moment

slaughter: zarzynać

hideous: wstrętny, odrażający

afford: zapewnić, udzielić

decent: przyzwoity

dwell (dwelt; dwelt): mieszkać, żyć

soil: gleba

fertile: żyzny

in abundance: pod dostatkiem

dignity: godność

condition: stan, kondycja

labour: praca

root cause: główna przyczyna

overwork: nadmiar pracy

abolish: znieść

plough: pług

bare minimum: zupełne minimum

till: uprawiać; orać

dung: łajno; obornik; gnój

fertilise: użyźniać

gallon: galon (ok. 5 l)

breed (bred; bred) up: hodować; wychowywać

sturdy: mocny; silny

calf (l.m. calves): cielak

hatch into: wykluwać się

bear (bore; borne): urodzić

confinement: poród

ration: porcja, racja żywieniowa

span: tu: długość życia

grumble: narzekać, skarżyć się

porker: tucznik

block: pieniek (do egzekucji)

fate: los

knacker: rzeźnik zajmujący się ubojem koni

foxhound: wyżeł

spring (sprang/sprung; sprung) from: brać się z, mieć źródlo w

get rid of: pozbyć się

overnight: z dnia na dzień

why: jak to

overthrow: obalenie

rebellion: rebelia, bunt

justice: sprawiedliwość

remainder: pozostałość, resztka

carry on: kontynuować

victorious: zwycięski

resolution: stanowczość, zdecydowanie

falter: słabnąć; chwiać się

lead (led; led) sb astray: zwieść kogoś na manowce

common: wspólny

prosperity: dobrobyt, pomyślność

comradeship: braterstwo

uproar: wrzawa, zgiełk; oburzenie

creep (crept; crept): pełzać; skradać się

hindquarters: zadek

catch (caught; caught) sight of: dostrzec (coś)

swift: zwinny; żwawy

dash: zryw

trotter: noga

overwhelming: przytłaczający; przeważający

majority: większość

dissentient: sprzeciwiający się; opozycjonista

afterwards: potem

merely: tylko

enmity: wrogość

resemble: przypominać, być podobnym do

conquer: zwyciężyć, zwalczyć

vice: wada

engage in: zajmować się (czymś)

trade: handel

tyrannise over: tyranizować

equal: równy

vanish: zniknąć

remind sb of sth: przypominać komuś o czymś

sow: maciora

tune: melodia

infancy: dzieciństwo

hoarse: ochrypły

stirring: poruszający

‘Clementine’: znana tradycyjna piosenka

‘La Cucaracha’: tradycyjna hiszpańska piosenka ludowa

clime: klimat, strefa

hearken: sluchać

tidings: wieści

tyrant: tyram

o’erthrown: obalony

trod: deptany

harness: uprząż

bit: wędzidło

spur: ostroga

rust: rdzewieć

whip: bicz

crack: trzaskać

wheat: pszenica

barley: jęczmień

oats: owies

hay: siano

clover: koniczyna

mangel-wurzel: burak pastewny

pure: czysty

breeze: bryza, wietrzyk

toil: mozolić się, znojnie pracować

spread (spread; spread): rozpowszechniać się (o wieściach)

entire: cały

by heart: na pamięć

within: w ciągu

preliminary: wstępny

burst (burst; burst) out: wybuchnąć

in unison: unisono, jednym głosem

low: ryczeć, muczeć

whine: skomleć

bleat: beczeć, meczeć

whinny: cicho rżeć

quack: kwakać

in succession: z rzędu

interrupt: przerwać

spring (sprang; sprung) out: wyskoczyć

seize: łapać, chwytać

charge: ładunek

shot: śrut; pocisk

pellet: kulka śrutu