Chained Minds, Hidden Mechanisms of Modern Enslavement - ebook

An introduction to modern slavery

Modern slavery is a phenomenon that, contrary to appearances, is not a thing of the past, but unfortunately still occurs in various forms around the world. Although we associate slavery mainly with the colonial period, when millions of people, mainly from Africa, were forcibly transported to other continents and forced to work there in inhumane conditions, unfortunately this system of oppression has today taken on various, often more subtle forms that are not always visible at first glance. Modern slavery is a collection of many different practices, which have a common denominator depriving an individual of his freedom and using him for work without respecting his rights, dignity and humanity. In this text, we will take a closer look at what forms modern slavery takes, what its causes and effects are, and what can be done to prevent it. First of all, we need to understand that modern slavery is not always as visible as it was in the past. In ancient times, slavery was legal and open slaves were objects of trade, having a certain market value, and their status was clearly defined in society. Today, although slavery is banned by international law and almost every country in the world, it still exists, but in a more hidden and veiled form. Modern slavery takes many forms from human trafficking and forced labor, through slave marriages, to child abuse. This problem affects millions of people around the world, and its scale is difficult to accurately estimate due to the hidden nature of these practices. One of the most common forms of modern slavery is forced labor. This is a situation in which a person is forced to work under the threat of punishment, without the possibility of refusal and without fair remuneration. In some countries, especially those with weak state institutions, forced labor is commonplace and often affects the poorest sections of society who have no other alternative. Employees are often deceived about working conditions, and then stripped of their documents so they couldn’t get out. They often have to work in extremely difficult conditions, in mines, plantations, factories or construction, without access to basic labor rights. Another form of slavery is human trafficking. This is a practice that involves smuggling people, often women and children, abroad for the purpose of sexual exploitation or forced labor. Human trafficking is one of the most profitable crimes in the world, generating billions of dollars in profits annually. Victims of human trafficking are often recruited under false promises of a better life and then forced into prostitution, slave domestic labor or other forms of exploitation. In many cases, they are subjected to physical and psychological violence, and their perpetrators use various control methods to prevent them from escaping. It is also worth mentioning the phenomenon of child abuse, which is one of the most shocking forms of modern slavery. All over the world, hundreds of thousands of children are forced to work, often in conditions that threaten their health and life. They are used in various industries, from the textile industry, through agriculture, to the arms sectors. In some regions of the world, children are forced to participate in armed conflicts, becoming soldiers and a living shield for adults. This phenomenon is particularly widespread in developing countries, where poverty and lack of opportunities force families to sell their children to human traffickers or send them to work in dangerous conditions. Slave marriages are another form of modern slavery, which mainly affects women and girls. In many countries, especially in traditional societies, young girls are forced into marriage with adult men, often with their parents” consent, in exchange for money or other material goods. Such marriages are not only a form of violence against women, but they also deprive them of the right to make independent decisions about their lives and future. In many cases, women in such marriages are treated as their husband’s property, forced to work without pay and subjected to various forms of violence. The causes of modern slavery are complex and multi-faceted. One of the main factors is poverty, which makes people more vulnerable to exploitation. Lack of access to education, health and lack of prospects for a better life mean that people living in extreme poverty often decide to take risky actions, such as migrating to other countries in search of work, which makes them an easy target for human traffickers.

Another factor is the lack of strong state institutions and corruption, which make it difficult to fight this phenomenon and allow it to continue. In countries where the government is corrupt and the legal system does not work efficiently, criminals can act without much fear of consequences. Modern slavery also has its roots in discrimination, especially against women and ethnic minorities. In many countries, women and girls are considered less valuable than men, which leads to their marginalization and exposure to exploitation. It is similar with ethnic minorities, who are often excluded from the labor market and forced to take up low-paid, dangerous jobs that are close to a form of slavery. Discrimination and lack of equal opportunities are phenomena that deepen the problem of modern slavery and make it more difficult to combat it. The effects of modern slavery are far-reaching and affect not only the direct victims, but also entire communities. Victims of slavery suffer from various health problems, both physical and mental, that often accompany them throughout their lives. Forced work in difficult conditions, lack of access to health care and trauma related to physical and psychological violence have long-lasting effects. Societies where slavery prevails are often divided and social and economic inequalities are widening, leading to destabilization and conflict. Fighting modern slavery is a difficult task, which requires commitment on many levels. International organizations such as the UN and the International Labor Organization have been taking action to combat this phenomenon for years, but the problem still exists. It is extremely important that governments, non-governmental organizations and civil society cooperate in this fight. It is necessary to strengthen legal systems that will effectively prosecute criminals involved in human trafficking and forced labor. It is also extremely important to educate society about modern slavery and raise awareness of human rights. One of the key tools in the fight against modern slavery is helping victims. It is extremely important that victims have access to appropriate medical, psychological care and legal assistance that will allow them to return to normal life. Victim support organizations play a huge role in this fight, helping people who have been exploited regain their dignity and freedom. Modern slavery is a global problem that affects millions of people around the world. Despite technological and civilizational progress that was supposed to bring freedom and equality for all, many people still live in conditions which can be compared to ancient forms of slavery. To effectively combat this problem, cooperation is necessary at many levels from state governments, through international organizations, to ordinary citizens. Each of us can contribute to the fight against this phenomenon, e.g. through conscious consumer choices, supporting organizations fighting human trafficking, as well as by raising awareness of this problem. Modern slavery, as previously mentioned, takes many different forms, but what all these forms have in common is coercion, exploitation and deprivation of the individual’s basic rights and dignity. In addition to human trafficking, forced labor or slave marriages, there are other, less obvious forms of modern slavery that also need to be taken into account. In this part of the text we will focus on phenomena such as the exploitation of migrant workers, forced labor in prisons, as well as forcing people to work under the false pretext of debt, i.e. the so-called debt slavery. Migrant workers are one of the groups particularly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Many people from developing countries decide to migrate to wealthier regions of the world in search of a better life and work, which will allow them to support their families left behind in their homeland. Unfortunately, many of these migrants end up working in conditions akin to slavery. They are deceived about their employment conditions and their documents are often confiscated by employers, making it impossible for them to legally leave the country in which they are located. They are forced to work in dangerous and inhumane conditions, often for minimal or no pay, and their labor rights are regularly violated. In some countries, especially the wealthy Gulf states, migrant workers, especially from South Asia and Africa, work in a system called „kafala”.

This system makes employees dependent on sponsors (employers), which often leads to exploitation and abuse. Employees are forced to work several hours a day, without the right to leave, and their legal situation is often so complicated that it is practically impossible to leave work, even if abuse occurs. Forced prison labor is another form of modern slavery that particularly affects some countries. In some countries, prisoners are forced to work for private companies, often for nominal pay or no pay at all. Although prison labor can be justified as a form of rehabilitation, in many cases it becomes a tool of exploitation, especially when this work has nothing to do with the resocialization process, but only with the profit of private companies. In China, prison labor is common, and products made in prisons are exported around the world. Working prisoners are often forced to make superhuman efforts, and their working conditions resemble those in labor camps. Prison labor is also widespread in the United States, and the system of private prisons that operates in the country means that prisons have a direct interest in keeping as many inmates as possible, leading to an increase in the number of prisoners forced to work. Debt bondage, also known as “debt slavery,” is another example of modern-day exploitation. This mechanism means that a person who is unable to repay his debts is forced to work to settle them. The problem is that the debt is often deliberately inflated and the person forced to work is never able to repay it, which effectively means that they are trapped in a system of slavery for an indefinite period of time. This practice is particularly widespread in parts of South Asia, especially India and Pakistan, where entire families are forced to work in fields or factories to pay off the debts of their ancestors. Worse yet, their children often inherit their parents” debts, making debt slavery a hereditary form of exploitation. The problem of modern slavery is not limited to developing countries. Even in wealthy Western countries with strict labor laws, there are cases of exploitation and forced labor. Many people working in the domestic sector cleaners, childminders, elder care workers are exploited by their employers who deny them basic employment rights. These people, often immigrants, are forced to work without pay and their working conditions are extremely difficult. In some cases, they are forced to work long hours a day, without the right to rest, and their documents are confiscated, making it impossible for them to escape. To effectively fight modern slavery, commitment is needed at many levels both international and national. International organizations such as the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the United Nations are running campaigns to raise awareness of the problem and pushing governments to take action to combat it. There are also many non-governmental organizations that help victims of slavery, offering them legal and psychological support and helping them return to normal life. One such organization is the Walk Free Foundation, which publishes the Global Slavery Index every year. in which it assesses the scale of the problem in individual countries and puts pressure on governments to take concrete steps to combat it. National governments also have a key role to play in the fight against modern slavery. It is necessary to strengthen legal systems, to effectively prosecute criminals involved in human trafficking and labor exploitation. In many countries, especially those with weaker institutions, legal systems are insufficiently developed, which allows criminals to act with impunity. It is also necessary to provide victims of slavery with appropriate support both legal and psychological so that they can return to normal life. In some countries, governments have introduced programs to help victims of human trafficking by offering them shelter, medical care and job assistance, but in many cases these programs are insufficient.

The involvement of civil society in the fight against modern slavery is also extremely important. Each of us can contribute to the fight against this phenomenon through conscious consumer choices. Many of the products we buy every day from clothing to electronics to food are produced under exploitative conditions, where employees are forced to work for starvation wages in inhumane conditions. A conscious consumer can choose products that are produced ethically, supporting companies that respect labor rights and provide decent working conditions for their employees. One of the tools that can help in the fight against modern slavery, there are new technologies. More and more NGOs are using technology to track cases of human trafficking and labor exploitation. Thanks to blockchain technology, it is possible, for example, to track the entire supply chain, from the moment of obtaining raw materials to the final product, which allows for the identification of cases of exploitation and forced labor at every stage of production. This way, companies can better control their supply chains and avoid working with suppliers who do not comply with labor standards. Modern slavery is a global problem that requires global solutions. Although many people may think, Although slavery is a problem of the past, reality shows that it is still present in many parts of the world. To effectively combat this problem, cooperation is needed at international, national and local levels. International organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations and civil society must act together, to end modern slavery and restore dignity to the millions of people who are its victims.Human trafficking and forced labor

Human trafficking and forced labor are some of the most brutal forms of modern slavery. Although slavery seems to be a relic of the past, the reality shows that there are still millions of victims around the world who are exploited in forced labor conditions, often hidden from public view. This problem affects both developed and less wealthy countries, and its victims may come from various social, age and gender groups. Forced labor is a situation in which a person is forced to work under the threat of punishment, cannot voluntarily leave the workplace, and her employment conditions are extremely unfavorable. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), forced labor includes various forms of exploitation such as slavery, serfdom, child labor, human trafficking and other practices that violate fundamental human rights. Many people who fall victim to this practice they are unaware of the danger because they are deceived with false promises of a better life or employment. Human trafficking is a complex phenomenon that includes not only labor exploitation, but also prostitution, forced begging, organ trafficking and even forced marriage. Human trafficking criminals often take advantage of their victims” naivety and desperation by promising them jobs, education, or safe havens. After arriving at the place of promised opportunities, the victims become slaves deprived of documents, subjected to physical and psychological violence, and controlled by various forms of blackmail. The legal situation with regard to forced labor and human trafficking varies from country to country, but most countries consider these phenomena to be crimes. In Poland, both forced labor and human trafficking are punishable. According to the Penal Code, people responsible for these actions may be sentenced to long-term prison sentences.

Nevertheless, effectively combating these crimes is difficult due to their complexity and cross-border nature. Victims often come from countries with a low level of development, where poverty, lack of prospects and corruption create favorable conditions for the development of these social pathologies. Modern forms of forced labor are difficult to detect, because criminals use increasingly sophisticated methods of operation. They often use false documents, create complex networks of intermediaries, and operate in legitimate companies, which makes it difficult to identify them. Victims of forced labor are exploited in various sectors of the economy from construction, through agriculture, to the textile industry. This phenomenon is particularly intense in industries where there is high competition and employers are looking for the cheapest forms of employment. One of the most dramatic aspects of human trafficking is forced prostitution. Women, and sometimes children, are forced to provide sexual services under the threat of violence. Victims are treated as commodities that can be sold, bought and then used without restrictions. Human traffickers use various methods to control their victims from emotional manipulation, through social isolation, to regular physical violence. The fight against human trafficking requires international cooperation, because it is a problem that transcends national borders. International organizations such as the ILO, the UN and Interpol play a key role in coordinating actions to combat this practice. Many countries, including Poland, participate in international programs aimed at prosecuting criminals, rescuing victims and raising public awareness of this problem. Prevention is an important aspect of the fight against human trafficking. Educating the public about the risks associated with job offers abroad and about the techniques used by criminals may contribute to reducing the number of people who fall victim to human trafficking. Many non-governmental organizations run information campaigns that aim to warn people about the dangers of traveling for work. Victims of human trafficking often need psychological and legal support to return to normal life. There are many organizations in Poland that offer help to victims of this practice from shelters, through legal assistance, to reintegration programs that help them find new jobs and regain their sense of dignity. However, the process of physical and mental recovery can take years, and some victims never return to full normality.

Forced labor and human trafficking are phenomena that are shaking the modern world because they strike at the very foundations of human freedom and dignity. In the face of globalization and growing economic inequality, this problem is becoming more and more common, which poses new challenges for governments and international organizations. The answer to these challenges must be integrated legal, educational and social activities, which include both the prosecution of criminals and support for victims. Cooperation between the private sector and states also plays an important role. Many companies from various industries, especially those operating on the global market, begins to introduce programs to monitor supply chains to ensure they are not contaminated by forced labor. Corporations also take steps to educate their employees and business partners on how to recognize cases of employee abuse and what steps to take. when they are detected. One of the most effective tools in the fight against forced labor and human trafficking is the creation of legal systems that enable the prosecution of criminals and the protection of victims at the national and international level. Many countries have adopted special anti-slavery laws and anti-trafficking laws.These laws ensure that victims are supported and perpetrators are punished. However, the mere introduction of regulations is not enough their effective enforcement and the provision of appropriate means to combat this phenomenon, including financing of appropriate services and institutions, are key. Despite progress in the fight against this practice, many people around the world still remain in captivity. It is estimated that at least 25 million people are currently victims of forced labor, a significant proportion of whom are women and children. In this context, the role of non-governmental and governmental organizations as well as ordinary citizens is invaluable. Everyone can contribute to combating this problem, by raising awareness, supporting aid organizations and reporting cases suspected of forced labor.

Human trafficking and forced labor are still real threats that affect millions of people around the world. They require complex, integrated actions that include both the prosecution of criminals, support for victims, as well as preventive actions. Only through global cooperation, appropriate legal provisions and raising public awareness can we effectively fight these pathologies and contribute to the protection of basic human rights. Continuing the topic of human trafficking and forced labor, special attention should be paid to various forms of exploitation, that continue to threaten people around the world. One of the most subtle and dangerous forms of modern slavery is economic exploitation, which often affects people in developing countries. Employees forced to work for minimum wage, without employment rights and any social benefits, they often find themselves in a situation resembling slavery, even though they are not formally bound by shackles or contracts. This exploitation mainly concerns the clothing production, agriculture and mining industries, where working conditions are drastically below international standards and the lack of alternatives means that workers have no choice but to accept these inhumane conditions. Another interesting aspect of modern slavery is the phenomenon called slavery by choice. We are talking about situations in which people, especially young people, choose to work in very difficult conditions, not fully realizing the consequences. Such people, tempted by promises of quick earnings, a better life or attractive prospects, often become victims of exploitation, working in extremely dangerous or exhausting conditions, for example on mining platforms, in clothing factories or in construction. Even though they formally agree to work, this is the reality that they encounter is completely different from what they expected. Fraud, manipulation and lack of information are the basic tools used by employers who prey on the desperation or ignorance of their employees. Another, equally important issue in the context of human trafficking is forced begging. victims, usually children or elderly people are forced to beg on the streets of large cities, and the money they collect ends up in the hands of people who manipulate and exploit them. In many cases, victims are held in terrible conditions, often without access to medical care, and their daily life is limited to begging under the threat of violence. This problem is especially visible in tourist cities, where criminals count on the sympathy and generosity of tourists. Unfortunately, in many cases people do not realize that by supporting beggars, they may unknowingly contribute to strengthening this phenomenon.

Particular attention should also be paid to the problem of child labor, which remains a serious challenge in many parts of the world. Children are often forced to work in very difficult conditions, for example in mines, plantations or factories. Instead of going to school and getting an education that could give them better opportunities for the future, they spend long hours in dangerous workplaces, often for nominal pay or in exchange for shelter and food. Child labor is one of the most shocking manifestations of modern slavery because it denies them the chance to have a normal childhood and a dignified life in adulthood. One of the areas in which the fight against human trafficking is becoming increasingly important, is the use of advanced technologies and artificial intelligence to identify and combat this practice. These tools allow you to monitor suspicious transactions, analyzing networks of criminal contacts and identifying victims by tracking their activity on the Internet. More and more international organizations and companies from the technology sector are involved in creating innovative solutions that aim to support law enforcement agencies in the fight against organized crime, including human trafficking.

Digital technologies are also becoming an important tool in social education about human trafficking. Information campaigns conducted via social media, websites and mobile applications allow you to reach millions of people around the world, raising their awareness of the dangers of human trafficking and how to protect themselves against it. More and more organizations are also using mobile applications to enable reporting of cases of forced labor or human trafficking, which allows for faster response and rescue of victims.

International cooperation is also crucial in the fight against human trafficking. This problem knows no borders, and criminals often operate in different countries, taking advantage of legal loopholes and the lack of effective cooperation between countries. Therefore, international organizations such as Interpol, Europol, as well as regional law enforcement agencies, they must work together to effectively pursue criminals and save victims. International police operations are increasingly organized to dismantle criminal groups involved in human trafficking and to thwart their activities. An extremely important element of the fight against human trafficking is also supporting victims in their return to normal life. Many of them, even after being released, struggle with huge psychological and social problems. Psychological, legal and financial support is crucial for these people to start a new life, free from trauma and fear. Non-governmental organizations and state institutions play a very important role here, offering victims reintegration programs that help them find their way back into society. In summary, human trafficking and forced labor are problems that continue to pose a serious threat to millions of people around the world.

They require coordinated actions on many levels from legal, through educational, to social support for victims. Without global cooperation, appropriate legal regulations and raising awareness of the threats related to human trafficking, the fight against this practice will be extremely difficult. Only by joining forces of countries, international organizations, the private sector and ordinary citizens, we can effectively counteract modern slavery and protect basic human rights. Additionally, it should be remembered that human trafficking is not only a problem for people from developing countries. This phenomenon also affects developed countries, where victims are forced to work in slave-like conditions in illegal factories, brothels and even in the domestic service sector. In many cases, these people, especially migrants, live in extreme isolation, having no access to medical or legal care, and their work is exploited by criminal organizations, that profit from the exploitation of human desperation.

One of the examples of effective actions in the fight against human trafficking are international conventions and agreements that oblige states to introduce appropriate legal regulations. Organizations such as the International Labor Organization (ILO), the UN and the Council of Europe have developed a number of documents which oblige states to prosecute criminals and protect victims. However, for these regulations to have a real impact, they must be effectively enforced, and this requires appropriate financing and training of services. Forced labor in nightclubs and forced prostitution are some of the most brutal forms of human trafficking, which involve the exploitation of persons, mainly women and children, for sexual purposes. These phenomena are often difficult to detect due to their secretive nature and the wide criminal network that deals with them. Trafficking in people for nightclub work and prostitution not only violates human rights, but it also leads to long-term trauma and destruction of victims” lives. Many women and children who fall into forced prostitution networks are abducted or lured with promises of work, education or a better life abroad. Criminals who traffic in human beings use various methods to control their victims, including physical violence, blackmail, social isolation, and even addicting victims to psychoactive substances. As a result, victims become completely dependent on their perpetrators, which makes it much more difficult for them to escape or seek help. Working in nightclubs, which may seem legal at first, often turns into forced provision of sexual services. Women are forced to work in dangerous conditions where they are exposed to physical violence, harassment and abuse by clients. It happens that people working in such places are forced to stay in the club for long hours, without the ability to freely leave the workplace. In case of disobedience, criminals use various forms of punishment, such as beatings, threats against the victims” family, and even sexual violence.

In many cases, victims of forced labor in nightclubs come from poor regions of the world, where there is a high level of unemployment and no prospects for a better life. These people are often lured with promises of legal work as waitresses, dancers or hostesses in Western Europe, Asia or North America. However, upon arrival, instead of the promised conditions, women and children are sent to closed centers, where they are forced to provide sexual services against their will. Their documents are often confiscated by criminals, making it impossible for them to escape or return home. Another method used by human traffickers is emotional manipulation. Victims are often convinced that they have no other choice, and those who control them they present themselves as the only ones who can help them. In such situations, victims, under the influence of mental and emotional violence, are afraid to take any action against their perpetrators. In many cases, these are people who come from difficult environments where violence was an everyday occurrence, which makes that they are easier to subordinate to criminals. Forced prostitution is also closely linked to organized crime and corruption. Criminal organizations involved in human trafficking are often well-organized and operate on a large scale, cooperating with people at various levels of government, which makes it difficult to prosecute. In many cases, nightclubs where forced prostitution takes place operate legally and their owners have ties to local law enforcement, leaving victims with little chance of getting help. It is also worth mentioning the situation of children who fall victim to human sex trafficking. In many cases, they are kidnapped from their homes and then forced to work in brothels or nightclubs. To maintain control over children, criminals often use brutal methods such as torture, physical and mental violence, as well as threats against their families. Children who are set free they often struggle with serious emotional and psychological problems, which require long-term therapy and support from specialists. In the context of forced prostitution, it is extremely important to take preventive actions, which aim to educate the public about the threats related to human trafficking and work in nightclubs. Non-governmental and state organizations conduct information campaigns aimed at warning potential victims about the risk of going abroad for work purposes. One of the key elements of such campaigns is to pay attention to fake job offers that promise quick money, but in fact lead to the exploitation of victims. Non-governmental organizations also play a key role in helping victims of forced prostitution. Victims who decide to escape from their torturers they often need immediate support in the form of shelter, legal assistance and medical care. There are many foundations and organizations in Poland that offer help to such people, providing them with a safe place to live and support in the process of reintegration into society. The fight against forced prostitution and human trafficking in nightclubs also requires effective legal tools. In Poland, in accordance with the Penal Code, forced prostitution and human trafficking are punishable offenses, and persons responsible for these acts may be sentenced to long-term prison terms. Still, Effective combat against this practice requires not only appropriate regulations, but also their consistent enforcement. Law enforcement agencies must be adequately trained to identify victims of forced prostitution and to prosecute those responsible for exploiting them.

More and more countries are also introducing laws aimed at criminalizing clients who use forced prostitution services. This approach aims to discourage the use of sexual services offered by victims of human trafficking and reduce the demand for this type of activity. In many countries, including Poland, social campaigns are conducted to make society aware that using the sexual services of people forced into prostitution is a crime and violates basic human rights.

Another important aspect in the fight against forced prostitution is international cooperation. Human trafficking is a cross-border problem, which requires cooperation between countries. International police operations are increasingly organized to dismantle criminal networks involved in human trafficking. An example of such cooperation is Europol, which coordinates activities aimed at combating human trafficking within the European Union. Thanks to joint operations, hundreds of victims were saved and those responsible for this practice were arrested. However, one of the biggest challenges in the fight against forced prostitution is identifying victims. Victims are often afraid to seek help, fearing retaliation from criminals or deportation to their country of origin.

In such situations, it is crucial to build trust between victims and the services that are supposed to help them. There are many organizations in Poland that offer victims legal assistance and psychological support, which allows them to regain control over their lives. It is also worth paying attention to the role of the media in the fight against forced prostitution. By publicizing cases of human trafficking and forced labor, the media can contribute to increasing public awareness of this problem and encourage people who suspect that someone may be a victim of human trafficking to report it to the appropriate services. The media also plays a key role in putting pressure on the authorities, to take more effective action in the fight against human trafficking. In summary, forced nightclub labor and forced prostitution are some of the most brutal forms of human trafficking that continue to pose a serious threat to millions of people around the world. Fighting this practice requires coordinated actions on many levels from legal, through educational, to social support for victims. International cooperation is of key importance here, as it allows for more effective prosecution of criminals and rescue of victims. It is also important to raise public awareness of the threats related to forced prostitution and to promote preventive actions that can help reduce the scale of this phenomenon. The fight against human trafficking is a challenge that requires the involvement of not only the authorities, but also non-governmental organizations, media and citizens. Only through cooperation and effective action on many levels can we contribute to reducing the scale of this brutal practice and protecting basic human rights.Forced marriages, child exploitation, domestic work under conditions of enslavement

Forced marriages, child exploitation and domestic work under conditions of enslavement are topics that require a deep understanding of both their historical roots and contemporary manifestations. These problems affect millions of people around the world, often hidden behind a veil of cultural norms and social hierarchies, which makes their elimination extremely difficult. Forced marriages are a phenomenon with a very long history. In many societies, especially those with deeply rooted patriarchal traditions, young girls, and sometimes even boys, are forced to marry against their will. This phenomenon mainly concerns developing countries, but unfortunately also highly developed countries are not free from it. For example, in some immigrant communities, forced marriages are maintained as a form of protecting family honor or securing social status. In many cases, the victims of forced marriage are very young girls who are forced to marry much older men. This is a form of violence that, in extreme cases, can lead to permanent mental injuries and even death, e.g. as a result of complications related to pregnancy at too young an age. Forcing a child to live in a marriage with someone who may be twice his age is not only physical violence, but also emotional, mental and social violence. These children are cut off from education, which leaves them in a closed cycle of poverty and dependency. Contemporary campaigns against forced marriage are conducted by non-governmental organizations as well as by international institutions. UNICEF and UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) have been working for years to educate societies and protect children against this type of violence. However, changes are difficult to implement, because the problem is deeply rooted in cultural traditions, often supported by local laws and social systems. In some countries, such as India and Afghanistan, governments are trying to introduce legislative changes, but social acceptance of forced marriage remains strong. Child exploitation is another huge challenge, which has been the dark side of the global economy for centuries. Children who should have the right to a safe childhood and education are instead forced to work hard, often in conditions of extreme danger. This phenomenon mainly concerns developing countries, where poverty forces families to send their children to work, so that they can contribute to the household budget. However, child exploitation also occurs in developed countries, often in sectors such as agriculture, textiles and services. Many of us do not realize that everyday products such as clothing, toys and food may be produced by children working in inhumane conditions. For example, in countries such as Bangladesh, India, Congo and Ethiopia, children often work in factories, mines or plantations for several hours a day for starvation wages. These children have no access to education, health care, and their future is marked by permanent social exclusion.

The problem of child exploitation is deeply rooted in a global economic system that relies on cheap labor. Corporations, in order to maximize profits, move production to countries where labor regulations are much less restrictive, and employment costs are low. This means that even if international law condemns child labor, companies can find ways to circumvent these regulations by employing children through subcontractors or illegal labor agents. One of the most important steps in the fight against child exploitation is to increase consumer awareness. Organizations such as the International Labor Organization (ILO) and various non-governmental organizations are pushing for greater regulation of international trade that would force corporations to be more transparent about their supply chains. Campaigns such as Fair Trade or Ethical Clothing, which promote an ethical approach to production, are becoming more and more popular. However, these changes are not happening fast enough and the issue of child exploitation remains a pressing global problem. Housework under conditions of enslavement is another, often ignored problem that primarily affects women and children. Homework, although at first glance it may seem less strenuous than working in a factory or mine, in fact it is one of the most exploitative forms of work. Many people working at home as domestic workers are treated like slaves, forced to work many hours a day, often without adequate pay, and sometimes even without being able to leave their employer’s home. In developed countries, domestic work is often performed by immigrants who come from countries with lower standards of living in search of better living conditions. Unfortunately, many of these people find themselves trapped in a situation where in which they are exploited by their employers. They receive low wages and are sometimes victims of psychological, physical and even sexual violence. Women and children are most vulnerable to such forms of abuse because they often lack the legal and social means to defend themselves.

The enslavement of domestic labor has its roots in historical social structures where slavery was legal. Nowadays, although slavery has been abolished, its forms have survived in the form of the so-called modern slavery. This phenomenon is particularly visible in Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar or the United Arab Emirates, where domestic workers, mainly from Asian countries, are treated inhumanely. International organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have been calling for better protection of the rights of people working at home for years. Many countries are introducing legislation to protect domestic workers, but enforcement remains a challenge. Domestic work is often performed in private homes, making it difficult to monitor working conditions and enforce laws. Forced marriages, child exploitation and domestic work in conditions of enslavement are manifestations of global social and economic inequalities that require integrated actions on many levels. A key element in the fight against these forms of violence and exploitation is education both for those directly at risk and for global society. Awareness of problems, such as forced marriages and child exploitation, is the first step towards their elimination. It is also important that international organizations, governments and civil societies work together to create a more just world in which everyone’s rights are respected. child protection, women and other groups vulnerable to exploitation should be a priority in global efforts for equality and social justice. Continuing the topic of forced marriage, child exploitation and domestic labor under conditions of enslavement, we must delve into even deeper layers of these phenomena, which are rooted in social, cultural and economic inequalities, as well as politics and the lack of global action on human rights. Each of these forms of exploitation is based on power and control over other people, as well as lack of access to resources such as education, legal protection or adequate health care.

Forced marriages, although condemned internationally, are still widely practiced in various parts of the world. This problem is difficult to combat for many reasons, including its deep roots in culture and social norms regarding the roles of women and men in the family. These traditions are often passed down from generation to generation, and changing social attitudes is a long-term and complex process. Forced marriages are also closely related to economic issues. In many communities, poor families force their daughters to marry early, to reduce the financial burden of maintaining them. Marriage often becomes a form of „transaction” in which the bride’s family receives certain goods, such as money, land or other resources, in exchange for marrying off their daughter. In such cases, girls are seen as a resource, rather than as a person with rights and needs. The issue of forced marriages is also related to the problem of domestic violence. Women forced into marriage at a young age are at greater risk of violence from their husbands. The lack of education and social support means that they often have nowhere to look for help and do not know how to escape from such situations. Some of these women go to NGOs that try to help victims of violence, but many of them remain trapped in the cycle of violence throughout their lives.

Solving the problem of forced marriage requires a systemic approach. Changes in the law are necessary, social education and cooperation at local and international levels. This issue also requires the involvement of social and religious leaders, who often have a great influence on the attitudes of local communities. Non-governmental and international organizations, such as Plan International and UN Women, strive to reach the most vulnerable communities, but their efforts must be strengthened through local action and political support. One of the most shocking aspects of the exploitation of children is their work in factories and plantations. In many countries, especially in Africa, Asia and Latin America, children work in conditions that violate human dignity. An example of this is the textile industry, where children work long hours, often in dangerous conditions, to produce the clothes we buy in stores. Many of us do not realize that the cheap clothes we wear may be the result of child labor, who receive minimum wages or are not paid at all.

In India, for example, the textile industry relies heavily on child labor. These factories are often illegal, and children are forced to work long hours, without breaks, in stuffy, cramped rooms, without adequate ventilation. This work is not only physically tiring, but also dangerous because children come into contact with toxic chemicals used in the process of dyeing fabrics or finishing materials. Children who should be in school spend their childhood working in factories, which prevents them from having a better future. The problem of child exploitation is not limited to the textile industry. In Africa, for example, children are often forced to work on cocoa plantations, which provide raw materials for the global chocolate market. In countries such as Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, thousands of children work in dangerous conditions, often using sharp tools to harvest cocoa berries. These children, who range in age from their teens to early teens, are at risk of serious injury, and their work contributes to a global market that profits from their exploitation. Countering child exploitation requires international cooperation. developed countries, which are the main markets for products produced under exploitative conditions, have a moral obligation to support initiatives to improve working conditions around the world. Consumers can also play an important role by choosing products certified by organizations such as Fair Trade, which promote ethical labor standards.