Chosen methods determining flow parameters based on non-invasive techniques - ebook
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Chosen methods determining flow parameters based on non-invasive techniques - ebook
The monograph presents a review of classical and a presentation of new methodologies of non-invasive (non-contact) flow measurement techniques of nultiphase media and a number of algorithms applicable in the field. The discussed methods are mainly based on the statistical analysis of collected measurement data, e.g. from electrical tomography systems or systems based on the tracking of radioactive particles. The work is very valuable and interesting, because it provides comprehensive knowledge on selected aspects of process tomography. It is therefore a valuable supplement to other monographs and studies on this subject. Prof. Witold Byrski
| Kategoria: | Physics |
| Język: | Angielski |
| Zabezpieczenie: |
Watermark
|
| ISBN: | 978-83-012-0506-5 |
| Rozmiar pliku: | 26 MB |
FRAGMENT KSIĄŻKI
PREFACE
Multiphase flows and their phenomena have increasingly become the subject of investigation in a wide variety of engineering systems, similarly to the development of flow quantities, which are essential in the understanding of many technical processes. Multiphase flow metering and characterisation are a big challenge in many industrial systems for their optimum design and safe operation. It is, however, by no means sufficient for the control of today’s modern industrial technology, where the transport of materials is a crucial element in the production process. In all areas of the industrial environment, from the food to the petrochemical industry, control of flow is the main problem from both an economic and product quality point of view, where high precision of flow metering is unrelentingly required in order to precisely control the process.
The key parameter of flow measurements is velocity. Therefore, the motivation for writing this monograph has been the need for a work covering the full range of algorithms for determining the velocity components in multiphase flows. In the case of a dynamic multiphase flow, especially such as a swirl flow, velocity variations in magnitude and direction are one of the most important issues generating errors during flow measurement. In this case, determining the velocity requires additional analysis of all three velocity components: axial, radial and angular.
The monograph presents a review of algorithms using non-invasive methods that enable a more accurate determination of the key flow parameters, especially for multiphase flows. In order to meet the requirement, methods of flow parameter measurement have been considered based on statistical analysis of data gathered from e.g. Electrical Tomography systems or Radioactive Particle Tracking technique systems. All the presented methods have been developed with the direct participation of the author and express his many years of experience in this scientific field.
The author hopes that the monograph will be useful for a wide range of readers dealing with the development of algorithms for flow measurements.ABBREVIATIONS
AC – Alternative Current
CCD – Charge-Coupled Device
CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics
CV – Capacitance Voltage
DAS – Data Acquisition System
ECT – Electrical Capacitance Tomography
ET – Electrical Tomography
ERT – Electrical Resistance Tomography
IBP – Iterative Back Projection
IPT – Industrial Process Tomography
LBP – Linear Back Projection
MCNP code – Monte Carlo N-Particle code
RPT – Radioactive Particle Tracking
TIV – Digital Image ProcessingNOMENCLATURE
------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Matrix of measured capacitances
Noise contaminated capacitances
Δt Time interval
S–1 Inverse of the sensitivity matrix
CE Measured capacitances for empty sensor
Lmax Local region of confidence
Cij Measure capacitances between the ith electrode and jth electrode
Qij Generated charge
CF Measured capacitances in the case of a full sensor
CN Normalised capacitances
S T Transpose of the sensitivity matrix
ε(x, y) Permittivity distribution
ϕ(x, y) Electrical potential distributions
σ(x, y) Conductivity distribution in the sensing of a field
xn(iT) Instantaneous distribution of material for nth pixel of ith image obtained from the cross-section X
Γ Electrode surface
Uij Voltage between the source electrode i and the detector electrode j
Δθ Angular displacement
θ Angle of rotation applied to the image
X(iT), Y(iT) Series of images from the X, Y planes, respectively
Vangular Average angular velocity
Vaxial Average axial velocity
Vr Radial velocity component
Vz Axial velocity component
τ Lag (delay) time
d The distance between two planes
Rx y(kT) Correlation function
x(iT), y(iT) Material distribution changes in pixel of images from the X, Y planes, respectively
X, Y Planes of electrode
mn Average mass flow rate into nth pixel
ρ Material density
σ ² Standard deviation
S( jω) Spectral density of signal
------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SUMMARY
The monograph presents the author’s own methods of measuring the key parameters of multiphase flows, such as velocity, when it is observed that the flow regime is undergoing dynamic spatial and temporal changes (from laminar to swirl flow). Such changes in flow behaviour required a further development of relevant measurement approaches. Additionally, the correct way to determine the velocity has also been discussed in this monograph. The theoretical considerations and analysis concerning multiphase flow velocity characterisation are presented in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes the flow parameter measurement methods based on tomographic images and cross-correlation techniques. Chapter 3 presents original algorithms developed for the radioactive particle tracking technique to determine the temporal tracker position inside the interest of a volume.INTRODUCTION
There has been great interest in multiphase flows for many years now. The development of the measurement methods and techniques for flow characterisation are essential in order to understand different industrial processes. Engineers have devoted much energy and research to develop various solutions and techniques for the investigation and metering of multiphase flows with an aim to:
• obtain local or integral information about multiphase flows;
• improve the precision of rigid sensors by building instruments that are more sensitive;
• apply new techniques and install highly sophisticated instruments.
In spite of their efforts, the current level of achieved flow-process knowledge is still insufficient, as there is no standard or optimum instrumentation (Powell, 2008), (Scott and McCann, 2005). Multiphase flow measurements require deep research using special solutions for each required purpose. A proper set-up of the measuring system does not automatically guarantee its applicability in the multiphase flows environmental conditions. In addition, in many cases multiphase flow measurement techniques do not measure phase properties directly. Therefore, the phase models need to be verified and the measured data needs to be compared with the calculated data.
Multiphase flow is a common occurrence in many industrial installations where a substance is usually carried along process pipes or vessels. In all areas of the industrial environment, from the food to the petrochemical industry, control of flow is the main problem from both an economic and product quality point of view (Sankowski and Sikora, 2010). The high precision of flow metering is unrelentingly required in order to provide optimum control of the process system. An error in flow measurement can cause heavy financial losses and have efficiency repercussions on the production process.
Many industrial processes are intrinsically multiphase flows where the flowing material is composed of two or more distinct components or phases, which themselves may be fluids or solids. Various examples of industrial multiphase flows can be found in:
Multiphase flows and their phenomena have increasingly become the subject of investigation in a wide variety of engineering systems, similarly to the development of flow quantities, which are essential in the understanding of many technical processes. Multiphase flow metering and characterisation are a big challenge in many industrial systems for their optimum design and safe operation. It is, however, by no means sufficient for the control of today’s modern industrial technology, where the transport of materials is a crucial element in the production process. In all areas of the industrial environment, from the food to the petrochemical industry, control of flow is the main problem from both an economic and product quality point of view, where high precision of flow metering is unrelentingly required in order to precisely control the process.
The key parameter of flow measurements is velocity. Therefore, the motivation for writing this monograph has been the need for a work covering the full range of algorithms for determining the velocity components in multiphase flows. In the case of a dynamic multiphase flow, especially such as a swirl flow, velocity variations in magnitude and direction are one of the most important issues generating errors during flow measurement. In this case, determining the velocity requires additional analysis of all three velocity components: axial, radial and angular.
The monograph presents a review of algorithms using non-invasive methods that enable a more accurate determination of the key flow parameters, especially for multiphase flows. In order to meet the requirement, methods of flow parameter measurement have been considered based on statistical analysis of data gathered from e.g. Electrical Tomography systems or Radioactive Particle Tracking technique systems. All the presented methods have been developed with the direct participation of the author and express his many years of experience in this scientific field.
The author hopes that the monograph will be useful for a wide range of readers dealing with the development of algorithms for flow measurements.ABBREVIATIONS
AC – Alternative Current
CCD – Charge-Coupled Device
CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics
CV – Capacitance Voltage
DAS – Data Acquisition System
ECT – Electrical Capacitance Tomography
ET – Electrical Tomography
ERT – Electrical Resistance Tomography
IBP – Iterative Back Projection
IPT – Industrial Process Tomography
LBP – Linear Back Projection
MCNP code – Monte Carlo N-Particle code
RPT – Radioactive Particle Tracking
TIV – Digital Image ProcessingNOMENCLATURE
------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Matrix of measured capacitances
Noise contaminated capacitances
Δt Time interval
S–1 Inverse of the sensitivity matrix
CE Measured capacitances for empty sensor
Lmax Local region of confidence
Cij Measure capacitances between the ith electrode and jth electrode
Qij Generated charge
CF Measured capacitances in the case of a full sensor
CN Normalised capacitances
S T Transpose of the sensitivity matrix
ε(x, y) Permittivity distribution
ϕ(x, y) Electrical potential distributions
σ(x, y) Conductivity distribution in the sensing of a field
xn(iT) Instantaneous distribution of material for nth pixel of ith image obtained from the cross-section X
Γ Electrode surface
Uij Voltage between the source electrode i and the detector electrode j
Δθ Angular displacement
θ Angle of rotation applied to the image
X(iT), Y(iT) Series of images from the X, Y planes, respectively
Vangular Average angular velocity
Vaxial Average axial velocity
Vr Radial velocity component
Vz Axial velocity component
τ Lag (delay) time
d The distance between two planes
Rx y(kT) Correlation function
x(iT), y(iT) Material distribution changes in pixel of images from the X, Y planes, respectively
X, Y Planes of electrode
mn Average mass flow rate into nth pixel
ρ Material density
σ ² Standard deviation
S( jω) Spectral density of signal
------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SUMMARY
The monograph presents the author’s own methods of measuring the key parameters of multiphase flows, such as velocity, when it is observed that the flow regime is undergoing dynamic spatial and temporal changes (from laminar to swirl flow). Such changes in flow behaviour required a further development of relevant measurement approaches. Additionally, the correct way to determine the velocity has also been discussed in this monograph. The theoretical considerations and analysis concerning multiphase flow velocity characterisation are presented in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes the flow parameter measurement methods based on tomographic images and cross-correlation techniques. Chapter 3 presents original algorithms developed for the radioactive particle tracking technique to determine the temporal tracker position inside the interest of a volume.INTRODUCTION
There has been great interest in multiphase flows for many years now. The development of the measurement methods and techniques for flow characterisation are essential in order to understand different industrial processes. Engineers have devoted much energy and research to develop various solutions and techniques for the investigation and metering of multiphase flows with an aim to:
• obtain local or integral information about multiphase flows;
• improve the precision of rigid sensors by building instruments that are more sensitive;
• apply new techniques and install highly sophisticated instruments.
In spite of their efforts, the current level of achieved flow-process knowledge is still insufficient, as there is no standard or optimum instrumentation (Powell, 2008), (Scott and McCann, 2005). Multiphase flow measurements require deep research using special solutions for each required purpose. A proper set-up of the measuring system does not automatically guarantee its applicability in the multiphase flows environmental conditions. In addition, in many cases multiphase flow measurement techniques do not measure phase properties directly. Therefore, the phase models need to be verified and the measured data needs to be compared with the calculated data.
Multiphase flow is a common occurrence in many industrial installations where a substance is usually carried along process pipes or vessels. In all areas of the industrial environment, from the food to the petrochemical industry, control of flow is the main problem from both an economic and product quality point of view (Sankowski and Sikora, 2010). The high precision of flow metering is unrelentingly required in order to provide optimum control of the process system. An error in flow measurement can cause heavy financial losses and have efficiency repercussions on the production process.
Many industrial processes are intrinsically multiphase flows where the flowing material is composed of two or more distinct components or phases, which themselves may be fluids or solids. Various examples of industrial multiphase flows can be found in:
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