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Terrorism and terroristic act in the world in the light of law - ebook
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Terrorism and terroristic act in the world in the light of law - ebook
The purpose of this monograph is to consider the terms “terrorism” and “terrorist act” from the point of view of mainly legal sciences. This study takes into account selected legal acts on terrorism, including the prohibition of terrorism in India, the United Kingdom, the United States and Poland. Attempts were made to define terrorism for the Statute of the International Criminal Court. The project of act of terrorism and the activities of international criminal tribunals including terrorist act were also presented. This subject ends witha proposal for the definition of terrorism.
Spis treści
Review
List of major abbreviations:
Introduction
1 The concept of ‘terrorism’
2 Selected legal acts on terrorism
2.1 Document from 1919
2.2 Document from 1926 under the auspices of the International Association of Criminal Law
2.3 Documents created under the auspices of the League of Nations
2.4 The Geneva Conventions created after the Second World War
2.5 UN Conventions
2.6 UN Security Council Resolution No. 1373 of 2001
2.7 Resolution of the Security Council No. 1566 of 2004
2.8 Resolution of the Security Council No. 1540 (2004)
and Rolution of the Security Council No. 1624 (2005)
2.9 Resolution of the General Assembly (51/210) of 1996
3 Prohibition of terrorism in selected countries
3.1 General remarks
3.2 India
3.3 United States of America
3.4 United Kingdom
3.5 Poland
4 Prevention of terrorism and attempts to introduce international legal acts against terrorism
4.1 General remarks
4.2 Prevention of terrorism
4.3 The question of targeted killings
5 Elements of the act of terrorism, circumstances excluding criminal liability
5.1 General remarks
5.2 Forms of committing terroristic acts
5.3 Circumstances excluding criminal liability due to
lack of unlawfulness or guilt
6 Terroristic acts and International Criminal Courts or Criminal Tribunals with an international element
6.1 General remarks
6.2 Terroristic acts and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
6.3 Terroristic acts and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
6.4 Terroristic acts and the Special Tribunal for Sierra Leone
6.5 Terroristic acts and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon
6.6 Terroristic acts of crime and the International Criminal Court
Conclusion
List of references
Legal acts
| Kategoria: | Międzynarodowe |
| Zabezpieczenie: |
Watermark
|
| ISBN: | 978-83-7564-580-4 |
| Rozmiar pliku: | 886 KB |
FRAGMENT KSIĄŻKI
Review
The monograph Terrorism and terrorist act in the world in the light of law undertakes a deeper analytical study of terrorism and a terrorist act, both before domestic courts and international criminal tribunals. This study would seem a further extension of the interest of the author earlier expressed in her book Terrorism in the 21^(st) century in the light of law, which I also had the opportunity to peruse.
The monograph of seven chapters begins with an introduction to the problem. I have studied its English version.
The first chapter focused on the concept of “terrorism”. The second chapter presented a historical perspective on the creation of legal acts and surveyed the legal outcomes and documents developed under the auspices of the International Association of Criminal Law, League of Nations, UN Security Council and United Nations General Assembly have also been presented in detail. Attempts have been made to introduce terrorism within one of the legal acts that was to be implemented by the United Nations General Assembly.
In addition to the above, the issue of the prohibition of terrorism in select countries, namely – India, Great Britain, Poland – was addressed in chapter II.
The third chapter dealt with the prevention of terrorism and attempts to introduce international legal controls over terrorism. In this connection, the difficulties faced in dealing with “terrorists” in some countries usually not being members of the International Criminal Court (i.e. the ICC) were also taken into account.
The author’s focus on the elements of the act of terrorism and its forms was found its rightful place in chapter IV. The next chapter took into account circumstances excluding criminal liability due to lack of unlawfulness or lack of guilt. The seventh chapter studied terrorism as it related to and unfolded before international criminal tribunals.
Each chapter ended with a short summary to assist the reader.
The monograph concludes with a summary pinpointing the most important issues with the proposal to solve them by introducing a new definition of international terrorism, which may be considered as a specific perspective and contribution of this work.
Finally, the study closes with a separate list of references along with documents that were used in the writing of this study, as an addition tot he appropriate footnotes. The layout of the study is logical and transparent.
The contribution of this monograph lies in its consideration of the most important elements of terrorism and terrorist act, not only the subjective and objective side of this crime, but also the need to include self-defense or internal disturbances outside the scope of international terrorism, just as it did for the crime of aggression in the ICC Statute. These rules would be similar to the rules in force in relation to the crimes of aggression formulated in understandings in the ICC Statute. Therefore, the theoretical possibility of introducing a crime of terrorism in the Statute of the ICC would not be a surprise, as it was used, for example, together with war crimes in the Statute of the International Criminal Court. There is also the possibility of using international terrorism in a country that wishes to apply principles preventing international terrorism.
As some one who personally introduced the draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in the UN Legal Committee couple of decades ago as well as campaigned for inclusion of international terrorism to e included in the Rome Statute during it drafting in the PREPCOM and the Rome Conference, I see the need for a realistic perspective which is contained in the current study. In a way, the thrust oft he current study is based on the conceptual orientation contained in the research significantly undertaken by Professors Indicky, Roger Clarke and Berry Kellman, which the reviewer highly appreciates.
I also agree with the author on the need to introduce this very form of crime of international terrorism in countries that wish to protect themselves against this crime.
Even as the reviewer is reading this monograph two inhuman terrorist acts have taken place- one in India and another in New Zealand. In the first case, a terrorist organization with headquarters located across borders employed a suicide terrorist to blow up a 40 member military personnel of Indian army personnel, which led to tension between two nuclear power nations of South Asia. In the second instance, there was a terrorist attack on a Muslim masque killing 50 persons praying in that mosque.
There is no doubt that terrorism is an international crime, which needs to be brought under the rule of law than by sheer use of force. No reason or cause for hatred on whatsoever ground can justify terrorism aimed at creating panic in the minds of the general public. Human rights of the public, victim of the heinous crime of terrorism, are sine qua non. Democracies are more vulnerable to this menace but it is their responsibility to ensure safety of public and make rule of law available to all.
I value the research done by the author, Dominika Dróżdż, and recommend the monograph for publication.
Professor S. Rama RaoList of major abbreviations:
CCIT – Comprehensive Crime of Terrorism
ECHR – European Court of Human Rights
EU – European Union;
ICC – International Criminal Court
ISIL – Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
ISIS – Islamic State of Iraq and Sham
LN – League of Nations
SC – Security Council
StMTK – Statute of the International Criminal Court; Statute of the ICC
STL – Special Tribunal for Lebanon
USA – United States of America
GA – General Assembly of the United NationsIntroduction
The content of the concept of terrorism in the 21^(st) century differs from that which influenced the understanding of this concept several decades earlier. Terrorism, after all, is not a new phenomenon. These differences result from new opportunities, growing technology, the Internet. Nevertheless, the rules seem to be still similar. Analogies as to how to combat it can, however, be problematic. The starting point was the determination of the type of behaviour for the crime of terrorism, including the selection of their features for international, European and Polish criminal law.
The concept of terrorism has taken on legal character only recently. The phenomenon of terrorism has been noticed since the Jacobins in France. Considerations were initiated about the crime of terrorism, which also functioned in social sciences. At the beginning it was pointed out that states were actually the “guilty” ones. The use of this term was used to stigmatise or delegitimise the opponent, leaving them outside the law.
Nowadays, the term “terrorism” is also used in social or political sciences. Terrorism is supposed to be separate from crime, because terrorists would be guided by higher goals. Ideology is not supposed to “predict” what targets will be attacked. Terrorists are addicted to the publicity of their deeds. The publicity of terrorist acts is connected with ideological justification. Usually, terrorists want to maximise their successful attacks, which are supposed to result from ideologies that are supposed to be the reason for their actions.
N. Melzer claims that the war on terrorism is unpredictable, has unpredictable duration and unspecified limits, and their non-states – that is, entities that are non-states parties, are not precisely specified. The author also believes that the war on terrorism cannot be qualified as an armed conflict in the understanding of international law. You have to remember about new versions of cyber law. It concerns network terrorism, otherwise known as cyberterrorism, that is, terrorist attacks that take place in the global network. Here, in turn, it can be difficult to identify people involved in such activities. It is necessary to take into consideration the introduction of prohibitions on sending information via the Internet, or the transmission of information about planned disasters in a state, as well as conduct preventive actions that should belong to the police. On the other hand, in response to these problems, Interpol is obliged to protect human rights at the request of the UN Security Council.
Some countries, in turn, undertake activities that, with the use of targeted killings, are to be a fight against terrorism. It is possible to consider the extent to which these activities are lawful, and to what extent the fight against terrorism will be recognised as legitimate activities.
The UN conventions are so far sectoral, not comprehensive. Until now, no definition that would have this nature has been created. In specific cases, national and international court proceedings were taken to give contribution and basis for creating specific definitions for specific cases. Until the present day, this definition has not been formulated. Such an attempt will be made in this study, taking into account the existence and functioning of the International Criminal Court, which should have a definition of such a crime in its Statute.
R. Clark assumed that tackling terrorism from a criminal point of view, the Statute of the International Criminal Court should also take into consideration the above-mentioned UN conventions relating to the prohibition of terrorism. A. Cassese, in turn, proposed the creation of a court in Lebanon, which in its statute provided for terrorism, that was later taken into account during the court’s judgment.
This study is to show whether and to what extent there is a chance to create a definition of terrorism and an act of terrorism. In the considerations, normative acts, legislation of some countries and documents were used. Other fields of knowledge, such as history, sociology, and psychology are also helpful in understanding this subject.
The monograph Terrorism and terrorist act in the world in the light of law undertakes a deeper analytical study of terrorism and a terrorist act, both before domestic courts and international criminal tribunals. This study would seem a further extension of the interest of the author earlier expressed in her book Terrorism in the 21^(st) century in the light of law, which I also had the opportunity to peruse.
The monograph of seven chapters begins with an introduction to the problem. I have studied its English version.
The first chapter focused on the concept of “terrorism”. The second chapter presented a historical perspective on the creation of legal acts and surveyed the legal outcomes and documents developed under the auspices of the International Association of Criminal Law, League of Nations, UN Security Council and United Nations General Assembly have also been presented in detail. Attempts have been made to introduce terrorism within one of the legal acts that was to be implemented by the United Nations General Assembly.
In addition to the above, the issue of the prohibition of terrorism in select countries, namely – India, Great Britain, Poland – was addressed in chapter II.
The third chapter dealt with the prevention of terrorism and attempts to introduce international legal controls over terrorism. In this connection, the difficulties faced in dealing with “terrorists” in some countries usually not being members of the International Criminal Court (i.e. the ICC) were also taken into account.
The author’s focus on the elements of the act of terrorism and its forms was found its rightful place in chapter IV. The next chapter took into account circumstances excluding criminal liability due to lack of unlawfulness or lack of guilt. The seventh chapter studied terrorism as it related to and unfolded before international criminal tribunals.
Each chapter ended with a short summary to assist the reader.
The monograph concludes with a summary pinpointing the most important issues with the proposal to solve them by introducing a new definition of international terrorism, which may be considered as a specific perspective and contribution of this work.
Finally, the study closes with a separate list of references along with documents that were used in the writing of this study, as an addition tot he appropriate footnotes. The layout of the study is logical and transparent.
The contribution of this monograph lies in its consideration of the most important elements of terrorism and terrorist act, not only the subjective and objective side of this crime, but also the need to include self-defense or internal disturbances outside the scope of international terrorism, just as it did for the crime of aggression in the ICC Statute. These rules would be similar to the rules in force in relation to the crimes of aggression formulated in understandings in the ICC Statute. Therefore, the theoretical possibility of introducing a crime of terrorism in the Statute of the ICC would not be a surprise, as it was used, for example, together with war crimes in the Statute of the International Criminal Court. There is also the possibility of using international terrorism in a country that wishes to apply principles preventing international terrorism.
As some one who personally introduced the draft Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in the UN Legal Committee couple of decades ago as well as campaigned for inclusion of international terrorism to e included in the Rome Statute during it drafting in the PREPCOM and the Rome Conference, I see the need for a realistic perspective which is contained in the current study. In a way, the thrust oft he current study is based on the conceptual orientation contained in the research significantly undertaken by Professors Indicky, Roger Clarke and Berry Kellman, which the reviewer highly appreciates.
I also agree with the author on the need to introduce this very form of crime of international terrorism in countries that wish to protect themselves against this crime.
Even as the reviewer is reading this monograph two inhuman terrorist acts have taken place- one in India and another in New Zealand. In the first case, a terrorist organization with headquarters located across borders employed a suicide terrorist to blow up a 40 member military personnel of Indian army personnel, which led to tension between two nuclear power nations of South Asia. In the second instance, there was a terrorist attack on a Muslim masque killing 50 persons praying in that mosque.
There is no doubt that terrorism is an international crime, which needs to be brought under the rule of law than by sheer use of force. No reason or cause for hatred on whatsoever ground can justify terrorism aimed at creating panic in the minds of the general public. Human rights of the public, victim of the heinous crime of terrorism, are sine qua non. Democracies are more vulnerable to this menace but it is their responsibility to ensure safety of public and make rule of law available to all.
I value the research done by the author, Dominika Dróżdż, and recommend the monograph for publication.
Professor S. Rama RaoList of major abbreviations:
CCIT – Comprehensive Crime of Terrorism
ECHR – European Court of Human Rights
EU – European Union;
ICC – International Criminal Court
ISIL – Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
ISIS – Islamic State of Iraq and Sham
LN – League of Nations
SC – Security Council
StMTK – Statute of the International Criminal Court; Statute of the ICC
STL – Special Tribunal for Lebanon
USA – United States of America
GA – General Assembly of the United NationsIntroduction
The content of the concept of terrorism in the 21^(st) century differs from that which influenced the understanding of this concept several decades earlier. Terrorism, after all, is not a new phenomenon. These differences result from new opportunities, growing technology, the Internet. Nevertheless, the rules seem to be still similar. Analogies as to how to combat it can, however, be problematic. The starting point was the determination of the type of behaviour for the crime of terrorism, including the selection of their features for international, European and Polish criminal law.
The concept of terrorism has taken on legal character only recently. The phenomenon of terrorism has been noticed since the Jacobins in France. Considerations were initiated about the crime of terrorism, which also functioned in social sciences. At the beginning it was pointed out that states were actually the “guilty” ones. The use of this term was used to stigmatise or delegitimise the opponent, leaving them outside the law.
Nowadays, the term “terrorism” is also used in social or political sciences. Terrorism is supposed to be separate from crime, because terrorists would be guided by higher goals. Ideology is not supposed to “predict” what targets will be attacked. Terrorists are addicted to the publicity of their deeds. The publicity of terrorist acts is connected with ideological justification. Usually, terrorists want to maximise their successful attacks, which are supposed to result from ideologies that are supposed to be the reason for their actions.
N. Melzer claims that the war on terrorism is unpredictable, has unpredictable duration and unspecified limits, and their non-states – that is, entities that are non-states parties, are not precisely specified. The author also believes that the war on terrorism cannot be qualified as an armed conflict in the understanding of international law. You have to remember about new versions of cyber law. It concerns network terrorism, otherwise known as cyberterrorism, that is, terrorist attacks that take place in the global network. Here, in turn, it can be difficult to identify people involved in such activities. It is necessary to take into consideration the introduction of prohibitions on sending information via the Internet, or the transmission of information about planned disasters in a state, as well as conduct preventive actions that should belong to the police. On the other hand, in response to these problems, Interpol is obliged to protect human rights at the request of the UN Security Council.
Some countries, in turn, undertake activities that, with the use of targeted killings, are to be a fight against terrorism. It is possible to consider the extent to which these activities are lawful, and to what extent the fight against terrorism will be recognised as legitimate activities.
The UN conventions are so far sectoral, not comprehensive. Until now, no definition that would have this nature has been created. In specific cases, national and international court proceedings were taken to give contribution and basis for creating specific definitions for specific cases. Until the present day, this definition has not been formulated. Such an attempt will be made in this study, taking into account the existence and functioning of the International Criminal Court, which should have a definition of such a crime in its Statute.
R. Clark assumed that tackling terrorism from a criminal point of view, the Statute of the International Criminal Court should also take into consideration the above-mentioned UN conventions relating to the prohibition of terrorism. A. Cassese, in turn, proposed the creation of a court in Lebanon, which in its statute provided for terrorism, that was later taken into account during the court’s judgment.
This study is to show whether and to what extent there is a chance to create a definition of terrorism and an act of terrorism. In the considerations, normative acts, legislation of some countries and documents were used. Other fields of knowledge, such as history, sociology, and psychology are also helpful in understanding this subject.
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