Mike Hassell

The story of the cosmosits beginning and its changes through timehas been a topic of much speculation and myth. It also has attracted intense attention from...

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, scientists went beyond Aristotle's four elements (Earth, Wind, Fire, and Water) to catalog nature's many basic...

We think of science as a way of discovering certainty in an unpredictable world; experiments are designed to objectivity measure cause and effect. Yet...

Newtonian physics described a regular, clocklike world of forces and reaction; randomness was equated with incomplete knowledge. But scientists in the late...

Carl Menger (18401921), and Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk (18511914), working in Vienna in the late nineteenth century, rejected the classical and Marxian ideas that...

Alfred Marshall (18421924), a British economics professor at Oxford University, developed economics into a more rigorous, professional discipline than ever...

John Dewey was America's most influential philosopher. Dewey's views are known as "pragmatism," which emphasizes action and results. He believed that...

Friedrich Hegel developed a profound and influential synthesis of all prior knowledge. He aimed to make philosophy an all-comprehensive science that would...

Near the end of the nineteenth century, Friedrich Nietzsche boldly announced that God is dead. There are no absolute truths, he said; the only reality is...

A Portuguese Jew living in Holland, Spinoza was excommunicated because of the unorthodox view he took of God. Spinoza wrote in the rationalist style of a...

Jean-Paul Sartre, a French philosopher, is perhaps the best known advocate of existentialism. In this view, no external authority gives life meaning: mankind...

Immanuel Kant's "transcendental" philosophy transcends the question of what we know to ask how we know it. Before Kant, philosophers had debated for...

Few philosophers have so extensively influenced thought and language as Aristotle. His conception of the universe pervades Christian theology. Knowledge of...

Saving, budgeting, and investing are keys to creating wealth-but there are many different philosophies about how to approach this essential task. The...

Arthur Schopenhauer was the most articulate and influential pessimist in the history of human thought. He was convinced that the space and time of ordinary...

Joseph Schumpeter (18831950) viewed capitalism as a dynamic engine of progress. In his view, mature economic systems find a regular and stable routine of...

David Hume (1711-1776) represented the culmination of the British philosophy of sense-experience. Although he lived in the age of reason, Hume had profound...

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) was without question the most influential economist of the twentieth century. His most important work, The General Theory of...

St. Thomas Aquinas is known for producing history's most complete system of Christian philosophy. In the late thirteenth century, this quiet, reflective...