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Mini guides: Memory - ebook
Seria kieszonkowych poradników językowo-biznesowych pomoże Ci poszerzyć słownictwo i wiedzę w różnych dziedzinach. Książeczki zawierają tematycznie zgromadzone pojęcia i zagadnienia, a także ich tłumaczenia. Bądź specjalistą w swojej dziedzinie, również w kręgach obcojęzycznych!
| Kategoria: | Angielski |
| Zabezpieczenie: |
Watermark
|
| ISBN: | 978-83-64340-19-2 |
| Rozmiar pliku: | 947 KB |
FRAGMENT KSIĄŻKI
George Sandford
English language guide to memory
1. An Introduction to Memory
Forgetting
I have a good memory, but short’
Popular Polish saying
This saying highlights the fact that most people consider that they have a poor memory. We notice the times that we forget important information or can not recall where we have left our phones; a birthday is forgotten and we can’t bring to mind the name of an actor which sits frustratingly on the tip of our tongue. We many forget peoples’ names in meetings or overlook to return a phone call. But things are not as bad as they seem. Firstly it is good to forget! If we remembered every time we’d brushed our teeth or bought a carton of milk, how tiresome life would be. Furthermore, it would be chaotic as we would be like obsessive hoarders, unable to move freely through our minds for all the useless clutter in the way. Some poor souls actually suffer from a condition, called blabla in which every small detail of almost every day, remains locked securely in their memory. Ironically, they are often unable to transfer this capacity to new learning.
--------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
to highlight to focus on, to go over in bright colour
to recall to remember
to bring to mind to be reminded of something
on the tip of your tongue almost able to remember but not quite
to overlook to forget or not notice
obsessive to do something to excess, excessive focus on one idea
to hoard to keep everything
clutter many items in a mess
--------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
Glossary
to highlight – zwracać uwagę, podkreślać
to recall – przypominać sobie
bring to mind – przywodzić na myśl, przypominać
on the tip of one’s tongue – na końcu języka
overlook – przeoczyć, nie dostrzegać
obsessive – chorobliwy, obsesyjny
hoarder – osoba gromadząca rzeczy, (przenośnie) chomik
clutter – nieład, rupiecie
capacity – zdolność, predyspozycje
Luckily, the majority of people are ‘programmed’ to forget trivia because of the way that new information is processed. Our short-term memory holds information long enough to perform a simple task; for example:
‘What’s Ron’s extension number?’
‘4792’
Initially, we only need to hold the information long enough to dial the number. If we want to remember Ron’s number permanently, we will need to do something to transfer it to our long-term memory. Remembering involves the three stages of input, storage and recall. Poor management of any of these areas will lead to memory failure. Furthermore, there is a difference between recognition and recall; for example, in language terms, passive and active vocabulary. In passive, you recognise a word when you see it and in active, you have the word in your grasp, ready to use.
------------------- -----------------------------------------------
trivia small facts of little importance
short-term memory temporary, working memory
permanently forever
long-term memory stable, fixed, permanent memory
recognition to remember after seeing or hearing something
in your grasp within your reach, achievable
------------------- -----------------------------------------------
Glossary
trivia – drobiazgi, błahostki
to process – przetwarzać, przerabiać
short-term memory – pamięć krótkotrwała
initially – początkowo
permanently – trwale, na stałe
long-term memory – pamięć długotrwała, pamięć trwała
failure – niepowodzenie, porażka
recognition – rozpoznanie
in your grasp – mieć w ręku, do dyspozycji2. How good is your memory?
Tick which answers apply to you, then add up your score.
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | Question | Not at | To some | Quite good/well | Very good/ well |
| | | | | | |
| | | all | extent | 3 | 4 |
| | | | | | |
| | | 1 | 2 | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1 | I am good at remembering faces | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2 | I remember peoples’ names when introduced | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3 | I can remember my classmates from when I was 10 years old | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 4 | I can recall my early childhood | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5 | I am good at remembering facts and figures | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 6 | I absorb new words and information quickly | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7 | I remember music and tunes | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8 | I remember the words to songs | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 9 | I can remember shopping items without making writing a list | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 10 | I know where to find important personal documents | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11 | I know details such as my NIP and PESEL numbers | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 12 | I am always in control of small items such as telephones and keys | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 13 | If I have been somewhere once, I can find my way there easily the next time | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 14 | I am good at remembering dates such as birthdays and anniversaries | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 15 | I am able to visualise places such as a hotel or holiday resort that I’ve visited | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
Score
------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31-40 Fantastic! You’re memory is a real asset to you and you are able to use all your senses and skills to absorb and recall different types of information.
21-30 Pretty good but you are probably better at some memory tasks than others. Let’s see if this guide can give you some techniques to help you.
11-20 Your memory lets you down quite often and can cause problems. It will definitely be worth developing some memory skills.
0-10 Hello! Remember me? We had better work on this quickly before you put the guide down and forget where you’ve put it!
------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Some factors that cause memory problems
Overload
Maybe you have a very busy job and lifestyle with just too many demands on your attention. You just react to a situation and forget it. Our minds can only absorb so much at a time.
Interference
As animals, our sensors are designed to respond to the loudest, strangest, most threatening or most emotional signals. That’s why contestants in game shows sometimes forget the answer to a simple question because their stress blocks out their normal thoughts.
Poor input procedures
We simply don’t take enough care when taking in new information so it is never strong enough to get into our long-term memory.
----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
classmate someone you share a class with at school
childhood the name for the period of being a child
absorb take in
tune the melody of a song
anniversary commemoration of a specific date such as wedding
visualise to see in you imagination
asset something owned of value
pretty in this sense, quite
to let you down to disadvantage, to fail to achieve a required standard
had better should
overload too great a demand
so much a limited amount
at a time in one go
interference confusion caused by other signals and messages
contestant competitor in a TV show
game show TV show with a competitive game element
to block out to stop or remove
to take in to absorb, notice
----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Glossary
classmate – kolega z klasy
absorb – absorbować, chłonąć
anniversary – rocznica
visualise – wyobrażać sobie
asset – atut, zaleta
pretty – całkiem
to let down – zawodzić, rozczarować
overload – przeciążenie, przeładowanie
so much – niewiele, ograniczona ilość
at a time – w momencie
interference – zakłócenie, nakładanie się
contestant – zawodnik
game show – teleturniej
block out – tłumić, przesłaniać, zatrzymać
take in – pobierać, przyjmować
English language guide to memory
1. An Introduction to Memory
Forgetting
I have a good memory, but short’
Popular Polish saying
This saying highlights the fact that most people consider that they have a poor memory. We notice the times that we forget important information or can not recall where we have left our phones; a birthday is forgotten and we can’t bring to mind the name of an actor which sits frustratingly on the tip of our tongue. We many forget peoples’ names in meetings or overlook to return a phone call. But things are not as bad as they seem. Firstly it is good to forget! If we remembered every time we’d brushed our teeth or bought a carton of milk, how tiresome life would be. Furthermore, it would be chaotic as we would be like obsessive hoarders, unable to move freely through our minds for all the useless clutter in the way. Some poor souls actually suffer from a condition, called blabla in which every small detail of almost every day, remains locked securely in their memory. Ironically, they are often unable to transfer this capacity to new learning.
--------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
to highlight to focus on, to go over in bright colour
to recall to remember
to bring to mind to be reminded of something
on the tip of your tongue almost able to remember but not quite
to overlook to forget or not notice
obsessive to do something to excess, excessive focus on one idea
to hoard to keep everything
clutter many items in a mess
--------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
Glossary
to highlight – zwracać uwagę, podkreślać
to recall – przypominać sobie
bring to mind – przywodzić na myśl, przypominać
on the tip of one’s tongue – na końcu języka
overlook – przeoczyć, nie dostrzegać
obsessive – chorobliwy, obsesyjny
hoarder – osoba gromadząca rzeczy, (przenośnie) chomik
clutter – nieład, rupiecie
capacity – zdolność, predyspozycje
Luckily, the majority of people are ‘programmed’ to forget trivia because of the way that new information is processed. Our short-term memory holds information long enough to perform a simple task; for example:
‘What’s Ron’s extension number?’
‘4792’
Initially, we only need to hold the information long enough to dial the number. If we want to remember Ron’s number permanently, we will need to do something to transfer it to our long-term memory. Remembering involves the three stages of input, storage and recall. Poor management of any of these areas will lead to memory failure. Furthermore, there is a difference between recognition and recall; for example, in language terms, passive and active vocabulary. In passive, you recognise a word when you see it and in active, you have the word in your grasp, ready to use.
------------------- -----------------------------------------------
trivia small facts of little importance
short-term memory temporary, working memory
permanently forever
long-term memory stable, fixed, permanent memory
recognition to remember after seeing or hearing something
in your grasp within your reach, achievable
------------------- -----------------------------------------------
Glossary
trivia – drobiazgi, błahostki
to process – przetwarzać, przerabiać
short-term memory – pamięć krótkotrwała
initially – początkowo
permanently – trwale, na stałe
long-term memory – pamięć długotrwała, pamięć trwała
failure – niepowodzenie, porażka
recognition – rozpoznanie
in your grasp – mieć w ręku, do dyspozycji2. How good is your memory?
Tick which answers apply to you, then add up your score.
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | Question | Not at | To some | Quite good/well | Very good/ well |
| | | | | | |
| | | all | extent | 3 | 4 |
| | | | | | |
| | | 1 | 2 | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1 | I am good at remembering faces | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2 | I remember peoples’ names when introduced | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3 | I can remember my classmates from when I was 10 years old | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 4 | I can recall my early childhood | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5 | I am good at remembering facts and figures | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 6 | I absorb new words and information quickly | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7 | I remember music and tunes | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8 | I remember the words to songs | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 9 | I can remember shopping items without making writing a list | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 10 | I know where to find important personal documents | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11 | I know details such as my NIP and PESEL numbers | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 12 | I am always in control of small items such as telephones and keys | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 13 | If I have been somewhere once, I can find my way there easily the next time | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 14 | I am good at remembering dates such as birthdays and anniversaries | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 15 | I am able to visualise places such as a hotel or holiday resort that I’ve visited | | | | |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+
Score
------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31-40 Fantastic! You’re memory is a real asset to you and you are able to use all your senses and skills to absorb and recall different types of information.
21-30 Pretty good but you are probably better at some memory tasks than others. Let’s see if this guide can give you some techniques to help you.
11-20 Your memory lets you down quite often and can cause problems. It will definitely be worth developing some memory skills.
0-10 Hello! Remember me? We had better work on this quickly before you put the guide down and forget where you’ve put it!
------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Some factors that cause memory problems
Overload
Maybe you have a very busy job and lifestyle with just too many demands on your attention. You just react to a situation and forget it. Our minds can only absorb so much at a time.
Interference
As animals, our sensors are designed to respond to the loudest, strangest, most threatening or most emotional signals. That’s why contestants in game shows sometimes forget the answer to a simple question because their stress blocks out their normal thoughts.
Poor input procedures
We simply don’t take enough care when taking in new information so it is never strong enough to get into our long-term memory.
----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
classmate someone you share a class with at school
childhood the name for the period of being a child
absorb take in
tune the melody of a song
anniversary commemoration of a specific date such as wedding
visualise to see in you imagination
asset something owned of value
pretty in this sense, quite
to let you down to disadvantage, to fail to achieve a required standard
had better should
overload too great a demand
so much a limited amount
at a time in one go
interference confusion caused by other signals and messages
contestant competitor in a TV show
game show TV show with a competitive game element
to block out to stop or remove
to take in to absorb, notice
----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Glossary
classmate – kolega z klasy
absorb – absorbować, chłonąć
anniversary – rocznica
visualise – wyobrażać sobie
asset – atut, zaleta
pretty – całkiem
to let down – zawodzić, rozczarować
overload – przeciążenie, przeładowanie
so much – niewiele, ograniczona ilość
at a time – w momencie
interference – zakłócenie, nakładanie się
contestant – zawodnik
game show – teleturniej
block out – tłumić, przesłaniać, zatrzymać
take in – pobierać, przyjmować
więcej..
