Edwin Newman

In 1859, Charles Darwin published a vastly important work: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. For centuries, man had been seen as a...

The story of the cosmosits beginning and its changes through timehas been a topic of much speculation and myth. It also has attracted intense attention from...

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, scientists went beyond Aristotle's four elements (Earth, Wind, Fire, and Water) to catalog nature's many basic...

We think of science as a way of discovering certainty in an unpredictable world; experiments are designed to objectivity measure cause and effect. Yet...

Newtonian physics described a regular, clocklike world of forces and reaction; randomness was equated with incomplete knowledge. But scientists in the late...

Though medical science began with the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, dissection and the study of the human body was prohibited for religious reasons...

Isaac Newton's world had operated in a fixed, rigid, ';absolute' framework of space and time. Yet discoveries about electromagnetism in the late nineteenth...

Many believe the ';Middle Ages' lacked progress, yet during this time algebra was developed, and Islamic scholars preserved and extended Greek thought (which...

While astronomers charted the heavens, geographers and cartographers mapped the earth's exotic land and seas. Commerce and navigation exploded as mapmakers...

Newton was a natural philosopher (the word ';scientist' had not yet been coined) who described a planetary system held together by gravitational forces. His...

As optics improved, man began to see the solar system. Tycho Brahe in Denmark, Nicolaus Copernicus of Poland, Johannes Kepler of Germany, and Italy's Galileo...

Einstein overthrew Newtonian physics but like Newton he still believed that physical events have definite causes. Then Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, joined...

Alexander von Humboldt and other sparked a centuries-long debate about natural history and geological destiny by discussing what today we call the...

In the nineteenthcentury, scientists working with chemistry and magnetism began discovering a rich variety of electrical phenomena. These were to be applied...